Analogues of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (gip) modified at n-terminal

ABSTRACT

There is provided a novel series of analogues of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, pharmaceutical compositions containing said compounds, and the use of said compounds as GIP-receptor agonists or antagonists for treatment of GIP-receptor mediated conditions, such as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the area of novel analogues of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, pharmaceutical compositions containing said compounds, and the use of said compounds as GIP-receptor agonists or antagonists for treatment of GIP-receptor mediated conditions, such as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web, and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The ASCII file is named “200P2 PCT2 SEQ_LISTING_ST25.txt”, created on Feb. 8, 2011, and has the file size of 87,000 bytes.

BACKGROUND ART

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (“GIP”, also known as “gastric inhibitory polypeptide”; SEQ ID NO:1) is a 42-residue peptide secreted by enteroendorine K-cells of the small intestine into the bloodstream in response to oral nutrient ingestion. GIP inhibits the secretion of gastric acid, and it has been shown to be a potent stimulant for the secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells after oral glucose ingestion (the “incretin effect”) (Creutzfeldt, W., et al., 1979, Diabetologia, 16:75-85).

Insulin release induced by the ingestion of glucose and other nutrients is due to both hormonal and neural factors (Creutzfeldt, W., et al., 1985, Diabetologia, 28:565-573). Several gastrointestinal regulatory peptides have been proposed as incretins, and among these candidates, only GIP and glucagon-like peptide 1 (“GLP-1”) appear to fulfill the requirements to be considered physiological stimulants of postprandial insulin release (Nauck, et al., 1989, J. Clin. Endorinol. Metab., 69:654-662). It has been shown that the combined effects of GIP and GLP-1 are sufficient to explain the full incretin effect of the enteroinsular axis (Fehmann, H. C., et al., 1989, FEBS Lett., 252:109-112).

As is well known to those skilled in the art, the known and potential uses of GIP are varied and multitudinous. Thus, the administration of the compounds of this invention for purposes of eliciting an agonist effect can have the same effects and uses as GIP itself. These varied uses of GIP may be summarized as follows: treating a disease selected from the group consisting of type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes (Visboll, T., 2004, Dan. Med. Bull., 51:364-70), insulin resistance (WO 2005/082928), obesity (Green, B. D., et al., 2004, Current Pharmaceutical Design, 10:3651-3662), metabolic disorder (Gault, V. A., et al., 2003, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 308:207-213), central nervous system disease, neurodegenerative disease, congestive heart failure, hypoglycemia, and disorders wherein the reduction of food intake and weight loss are desired. In pancreatic islets, GIP not only enhances insulin secretion acutely, but it also stimulates insulin production through enhancement of proinsulin transcription and translation (Wang, et al., 1996, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 116:81-87) and enhances the growth and survival of pancreatic beta cells (Trumper, et al., 2003, Diabetes, 52:741-750). In addition to effects on the pancreas to enhance insulin secretion, GIP also has effects on insulin target tissues directly to lower plasma glucose: enhancement of glucose uptake in adipose (Eckel, et al., 1979, Diabetes, 28:1141-1142) and muscle (O'Harte, et al., 1998, J. Endocrinol., 156:237-243), and inhibition of hepatic glucose production (Elahi, D., et al., 1986, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 65:A18).

In addition, a GIP receptor antagonist in accordance with the present invention inhibits, blocks or reduces glucose absorption from the intestine of an animal. In accordance with this observation, therapeutic compositions containing GIP antagonists may be used in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus to improve tolerance to oral glucose in mammals, such as humans, to prevent, inhibit or reduce obesity by inhibiting, blocking or reducing glucose absorption from the intestine of the mammal.

The use of unmodified GIP as a therapeutic, however, is limited by the short in vivo half-life of about 2 minutes (Said and Mutt, 1970, Science, 169:1217-1218). In serum, both incretins, GIP and GLP-1, are degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (“DPPIV”). Improving the stability of GIP to proteolysis not only maintains the activity of GIP at its receptor but, more importantly, prevents the production of GIP fragments, some of which act as GIP receptor antagonists (Gault, et al., 2002, J. Endocrinol., 175:525-533). Reported modifications have included protection of the N-terminus of GIP from proteolysis by DPPIV through modification of the N-terminal tyrosine (O'Harte, et al., 2002, Diabetologia, 45:1281-1291), mutation of the alanine at position 2 (Hinke, et al., 2002, Diabetes, 51:656-661), mutation of glutamic acid at position 3 (Gault, et al., 2003, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 308:207-213), and mutation of alanine at position 13 (Gault, et al., 2003, Cell Biol. International, 27:41-46).

The following patent applications have been filed related to the effects of GIP analogues on the function of various target organs and their potential use as therapeutic agents:

PCT publication WO 00/58360 discloses peptidyl analogues of GIP which stimulate the release of insulin. In particular, this application discloses specific peptidyl analogues comprising at least 15 amino acid residues from the N-terminal end of GIP(1-42), e.g., an analogue of GIP containing exactly one amino acid substitution or modification at positions 1, 2 and 3, such as [Pro³]GIP(1-42).

PCT publication WO 98/24464 discloses an antagonist of GIP consisting essentially of a 24-amino acid polypeptide corresponding to positions 7-30 of the sequence of GIP, a method of treating non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and a method of improving glucose tolerance in a non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patient.

PCT publication WO 03/082898 discloses C-terminal truncated fragments and N-terminal modified analogues of GIP, as well as various GIP analogues with a reduced peptide bond or alterations of the amino acids close to the DPPIV-specific cleavage site. This application further discloses analogues with different linkers between potential receptor binding sites of GIP. The compounds of this application are alleged to be useful in treating GIP-receptor mediated conditions, such as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity.

There exists a need for improved analogues of GIP, which are stable in formulation and have long plasma half-life in vivo resulting from decreased susceptibility to proteolysis and decreased clearance while maintaining binding affinity to a GIP receptor to elicit respective agonistic or antagonistic effects. Moreover, among other therapeutic effects of the compounds of the present invention as illustrated herein, tighter control of plasma glucose levels may prevent long-term diabetic complications, thereby providing an improved quality of life for patients.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention relates to peptide variants of GIP of the following formula (I):

(R²R³)-A¹-A²-A³-A⁴-A⁵-A⁶-A⁷-A⁸-A⁹-A¹⁰-A¹¹-A¹²-A¹³-A¹⁴-A¹⁵-A¹⁶-A¹⁷-A¹⁸-A¹⁹-A²⁰-A²¹-A²²-A²³-A²⁴-A²⁵-A²⁶-A²⁷-A²⁸-A²⁹-A³⁰-A³¹-A³²-A³³-A³⁴-A³⁵-A³⁶-A³⁷-A³⁸-A³⁹-A⁴⁰-A⁴¹-A⁴²-A⁴³-R¹,  (I)

wherein:

A¹ is Cpa, His, 4Hppa, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe, Taz, 3Thi, 7HO-Tic, Tyr(Ac), Tyr(Me), β-Tyr, 3Br-Tyr, 3,5Br-Tyr, 3Cl-Tyr, 2F-Tyr, 3F-Tyr, hTyr, 3I-Tyr, 3,5I-Tyr, αMe-Tyr, 2,6Me-Tyr, 3MeO-Tyr, 3NH₂-Tyr, 3NO₂-Tyr, 3OH-Tyr, or 3(HO—(CH₂)Tyr;

A² is Ala, Abu, D-Abu, Acc, Aib, β-Ala, D-Ala, Gaba, Gly, Ser, D-Ser, Thr, D-Thr, Val, or D-Val;

A³ is Glu, Aib, Asp, N-Me-Asp, Dhp, Dmt, N-Me-Glu, 3Hyp, 4Hyp, 4Ktp, Pro, hPro, Thz, or Tic;

A⁴ is Gly, Acc, Aib, or β-Ala;

A⁵ is Thr, Acc, Aib, or Ser;

A⁶ is Phe, Acc, Aib, Aic, Cha, 1Nal, 2Nal, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe, or Trp;

A⁷ is Ile, Abu, Acc, Aib, Ala, Cha, Leu, Nle, Phe, Tle, or Val;

A⁸ is Ser, Aib, or Thr;

A⁹ is Asp, Aib, or Glu;

A¹⁰ is Tyr, Acc, Cha, 1Nal, 2Nal, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, Phe, or (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe;

A¹¹ is Ser, Acc, Aib, Nle, or Thr;

A¹² is Ile, Abu, Acc, Aib, Ala, Cha, Leu, Nle, Phe, Tle, or Val;

A¹³ is Ala, Acc, Aib, β-Ala, D-Ala, Gly, or Ser;

A¹⁴ is Met, Abu, Acc, Aib, Ala, Cha, Ile, Leu, Nle, Phe, Tle, or Val;

A¹⁵ is Asp, Aib, or Glu;

A¹⁶ is Lys, Amp, Apc, Arg, hArg, Orn, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃);

A¹⁷ is Ile, Abu, Acc, Aib, Ala, Cha, Leu, Nle, Phe, Tle, or Val;

A¹⁸ is His, Amp, Arg, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, Phe, or Tyr;

A¹⁹ is Gln, Aib, or Asn;

A²⁰ is Gln, Aib, or Asn;

A²¹ is Asp, Aib, or Glu;

A²² is Phe, Acc, Aib, Aic, Cha, 1Nal, 2Nal, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe, or Trp;

A²³ is Val, Abu, Acc, Aib, Ala, Cha, Ile, Leu, Nle, or Tle;

A²⁴ is Asn, Aib, or Gln;

A²⁵ is Trp, Acc, Aib, 1Nal, 2Nal, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, Phe, or (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe;

A²⁶ is Leu, Acc, Aib, Cha, Ile, Nle, Phe, (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe, or Tle;

A²⁷ is Leu, Acc, Aib, Cha, Ile, Nle, Phe, (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe, or Tle;

A²⁸ is Ala, Acc, or Aib;

A²⁹ is Gln, Aib, Asn, or deleted;

A³⁰ is Lys, Amp, Apc, Arg, hArg, Orn, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted;

A³¹ is Gly, Aib, Acc, β-Ala, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted;

A³² is Lys, Amp, Apc, Arg, hArg, Orn, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted;

A³³ is Lys, Amp, Apc, Arg, hArg, Orn, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted;

A³⁴ is Asn, Aib, Gln, Ser, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted;

A³⁵ is Asp, Aib, Glu, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted;

A³⁶ is Trp, Acc, Aib, 1Nal, 2Nal, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, Phe, (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted;

A³⁷ is Lys, Amp, Apc, Arg, hArg, Orn, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted;

A³⁸ is His, Amp, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, Phe, Tyr, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted;

A³⁹ is Asn, Aib, Gln, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted;

A⁴⁰ is Ile, Acc, Aib, Ser, Thr, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted;

A⁴¹ is Thr, Acc, Aib, Asn, Gln, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted;

A⁴² is Gln, Acc, Aib, Asn, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted;

A⁴³ is Acc, Ado, Aib, Ala, Asn, Asp, His, Gln, Phe, Thr, Trp, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃); Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted;

R¹ is OH, NH₂, (C₁-C₃₀)alkoxy, or NH—X²—CH₂—Z⁰, wherein X² is a (C₀-C₃₀) hydrocarbon moiety and Z⁰ is H, OH, CO₂H, or CONH₂;

each of R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, (C₁-C₃₀)heteroalkyl, (C₁-C₃₀)acyl, (C₂-C₃₀)alkenyl, (C₂-C₃₀)alkynyl, aryl(C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, aryl(C₁-C₃₀)acyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)heteroalkyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)acyl, substituted (C₂-C₃₀)alkenyl, substituted (C₂-C₃₀)alkynyl, substituted aryl(C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, and substituted aryl(C₁-C₃₀)acyl; provided that when R² is (C₁-C₃₀)acyl, aryl(C₁-C₃₀)acyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)acyl, or substituted aryl(C₁-C₃₀)acyl, then R³ is H, (C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, (C₁-C₃₀)heteroalkyl, (C₂-C₃₀)alkenyl, (C₂-C₃₀)alkynyl, aryl(C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)heteroalkyl, substituted (C₂-C₃₀)alkenyl, substituted (C₂-C₃₀)alkynyl, or substituted aryl(C₁-C₃₀)alkyl; further provided that when R⁴ is (C₁-C₃₀)acyl, aryl(C₁-C₃₀)acyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)acyl, or substituted aryl(C₁-C₃₀)acyl, then R⁵ is H, (C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, (C₁-C₃₀)heteroalkyl, (C₂-C₃₀)alkenyl, (C₂-C₃₀)alkynyl, aryl(C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)heteroalkyl, substituted (C₂-C₃₀)alkenyl, substituted (C₂-C₃₀)alkynyl, or substituted aryl(C₁-C₃₀)alkyl;

n is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 1 to 5 inclusive;

s, t, x and y each is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 1 to 30 inclusive;

X⁴, X⁵, X⁶, X⁷ and X⁸ each is, independently for each occurrence, H, F, CF₃, Cl, Br, I, (C₁₋₁₀)alkyl, substituted (C₁₋₁₀)alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, OH, NH₂, —CH₂NH₂, NO₂, or CN;

provided that when A¹ is 4Hppa, then R² and R³ are deleted;

further provided that more than one amino acid at positions 1, 2 and 3 of the compound are substituted or modified; and

further provided that if the amino acid at position 1 is modified, it is not modified by:

(a) N-terminal alkylation;

(b) N-terminal acetylation;

(c) N-terminal acylation;

(d) the addition of an N-terminal isopropyl group; or

(e) the addition of an N-terminal pyroglutamic acid.

A subset (A) of the compounds covered by the above formula (I) are those in which:

A¹ is Cpa, His, 4Hppa, 2Pal, 3Pal, 4Pal, 3Br-Phe, 4CF₃-Phe, 3Cl-Phe, 4CN-Phe, 3F-Phe, 4F-Phe, 3,4F-Phe, 3,5F-Phe, 3,4,5F-Phe, 4Me-Phe, 4NH₂-Phe, 4NH₂CH₂-Phe, 3OH-Phe, Taz, 3Thi, 7HO-Tic, Tyr(Ac), Tyr(Me), β-Tyr, 3Br-Tyr, 3,5Br-Tyr, 3Cl-Tyr, 2F-Tyr, 3F-Tyr, hTyr, 3I-Tyr, 3,5I-Tyr, αMe-Tyr, 2,6Me-Tyr, 3MeO-Tyr, 3NH₂-Tyr, 3NO₂-Tyr, 3OH-Tyr, or 3(HO—(CH₂)Tyr;

A² is Ala, Aib, Gly;

A³ is Glu, 4Hyp, or hPro;

A⁴ is Gly;

A⁵ is Thr;

A⁶ is Phe;

A⁷ is Ile, A5c, or A6c;

A⁸ is Ser;

A⁹ is Asp;

A¹⁹ is Tyr;

A¹¹ is Ser, A5c, or Aib;

A¹² is Ile;

A¹³ is Ala or Aib;

A¹⁴ is Met, A5c, or Nle;

A¹⁵ is Asp;

A¹⁶ is Lys;

A¹⁷ is Ile;

A¹⁸ is His;

A¹⁹ is Gln;

A²⁰ is Gln;

A²¹ is Asp;

A²² is Phe;

A²³ is Val;

A²⁴ is Asn;

A²⁵ is Trp;

A²⁶ is Leu;

A²⁷ is Leu;

A²⁸ is Ala;

A²⁹ is Gln;

A³⁰ is Lys;

A³¹ is Gly or deleted;

A³² is Lys or deleted;

A³³ is Lys or deleted;

A³⁴ is Asn or deleted;

A³⁵ is Asp or deleted;

A³⁶ is Trp or deleted;

A³⁷ is Lys or deleted;

A³⁸ is His or deleted;

A³⁹ is Asn or deleted;

A⁴⁰ is Ile, A5c, or deleted;

A⁴¹ is Thr, A5c, or deleted;

A⁴² is Gln or deleted;

A⁴³ is His, Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₁₁—CH₃), Orn(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃), or deleted; and

provided that the compound contains at least one amino acid substitution or modification at positions 4 to 43.

A subset of the compounds of the preceding subset (A) are those in which A¹ is 4Hppa; A⁴³ is deleted; and at least one of A², A³, A⁷, A¹¹ and A¹⁴ is not the amino acid residue of the corresponding position in the native GIP.

Another subset (B) of the compounds of the preceding subset (A) are those in which A¹ is Tyr(Ac), Tyr(Me), β-Tyr, 3Br-Tyr, 3,5Br-Tyr, 3Cl-Tyr, 2F-Tyr, 3F-Tyr, hTyr, 3I-Tyr, 3,5I-Tyr, αMe-Tyr, 2,6Me-Tyr, 3MeO-Tyr, 3NH₂-Tyr, 3NO₂-Tyr, 3OH-Tyr, or 3(HO—(CH₂)Tyr; A² is A5c, A6c, Aib, D-Ala, Gly, or Ser; and at least one of A³, A¹¹, A¹³, A¹⁴, A⁴⁰, A⁴¹ and A⁴³ is not the amino acid residue of the corresponding position in the native GIP.

A subset of the compounds of the preceding subset (B) are those in which A² is Aib, D-Ala, or Gly; and at least two of A³, A¹¹, A¹³, A¹⁴, A⁴⁰, A⁴¹ and A⁴³ are not the amino acid residues of the corresponding positions in the native GIP.

Another subset (C) of the compounds of the preceding subset (A) are those in which A¹ is 3Br-Phe, 3Cl-Phe, 4CN-Phe, 3F-Phe, 4F-Phe, 3,4F-Phe, 3,4,5F-Phe, 3,5F-Phe, 4NH₂-Phe, 4NH₂CH₂-Phe, or 3OH-Phe; A² is A5c, A6c, Aib, D-Ala, Gly, or Ser; A¹¹ is A5c; and at least one of A¹⁴ and A⁴¹ is not the amino acid residue of the corresponding position in the native GIP.

A subset of the compounds of the preceding subset (C) is that in which A² is Aib.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to peptide variants of GIP covered by the above formula (I), wherein the peptide bond between A¹ and A² is replaced by a pseudopeptide bond, wherein A¹-A² is A¹-Ψ-(CH₂—NH)A².

Preferred compounds of the present invention are:

Example 1

(4Hppa¹, Aib², A5c⁷, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:4);

Example 2

(4Hppa¹, Aib^(2, 11), Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:5);

Example 3

(4Hppa¹, Aib², A5c⁷)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:6);

Example 4

(4Hppa¹, Aib^(2, 11))hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:7);

Example 5

(4Hppa¹, Aib², Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:8);

Example 6

(4Hppa¹, Aib²)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:9);

Example 7

(4Hppa¹, 4Hyp³, A6c⁷)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:10);

Example 8

(4Hppa¹, hPro³, A6c⁷)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:11);

Example 9

(4Hppa¹, Aib², hPro³, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:12);

Example 10

(His¹, Aib^(2, 13), Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:13);

Example 11

(3,5Br-Tyr¹, Aib^(2, 13), Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:14);

Example 12

(His¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:15);

Example 13

(3,5Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:16);

Example 14

(3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:17);

Example 15

(3Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:18);

Example 16

(3I-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:19);

Example 17

(3,5I-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:20);

Example 18

(4NH₂-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:21);

Example 19

(hTyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:22);

Example 20

(Cpa¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:23);

Example 21

(4NH₂CH₂-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:24);

Example 22

(3,4,5F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:25);

Example 23

(3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:26);

Example 24

(3,4F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:27);

Example 25

(3,5F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:28);

Example 26

(3OH-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:29);

Example 27

(3OH-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:30);

Example 28

(3MeO-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:31);

Example 29

[Tyr(Ac)¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41)]hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:32);

Example 30

(2,6Me-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:33);

Example 31

[Tyr(Me)¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41)]hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:34);

Example 32

(4F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:35);

Example 33

(4-Pal¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:36);

Example 34

(3-Pal¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:37);

Example 35

(Taz¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:38);

Example 36

(3NO₂-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:39);

Example 37

(3Thi¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:40);

Example 38

(4CN-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:41);

Example 39

(3F-Tyr¹, Gly², A5c^(11, 40))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:42);

Example 40

[Tyr¹-Ψ-(CH₂—NH)Gly², A5c^(11, 41)]hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:43);

Example 41

(3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:44);

Example 42

(3Cl-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:45);

Example 43

(3Br-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:46);

Example 44

(3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:47);

Example 45

(3Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:48);

Example 46

(β-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:49);

Example 47

(3F-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:50);

Example 48

(2F-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:51);

Example 49

(αMe-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:52);

Example 50

(3NH₂-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:53);

Example 51

(2-Pal¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:54);

Example 52

[3(HO—(CH₂)Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41)]hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:55);

Example 53

(2,6Me-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:56);

Example 54

(2,6Me-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:57);

Example 55

(2,6Me-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:58);

Example 56

(3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:59);

Example 57

(3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41), Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:60);

Example 58

(3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:61);

Example 59

(3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14, 41)-His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:62);

Example 60

Deleted

Example 61

(3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH;

Example 62

(3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH;

Example 63

(3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:63);

Example 64

(3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:64);

Example 65

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Orn⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:65);

Example 66

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₁₁—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:66);

Example 67

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Orn⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH;

Example 68

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₁₁—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH;

Example 69

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Orn⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH;

Example 70

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₁₁—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH;

Example 71

(3Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:67);

Example 72

(3Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:68);

Example 73

(3MeO-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:69);

Example 74

(3MeO-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:70);

Example 75

(3MeO-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14, 41)-His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:71);

Example 76

(4CF₃-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:72);

Example 77

(7HO-Tic¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:73);

Example 78

(4Me-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:74);

Example 79

(4CN-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:75);

Example 80

(hTyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:76);

Example 81

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Lys⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH;

Example 82

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Lys⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH;

Example 83

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Lys⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:77);

Example 84

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Lys⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:78);

Example 85

(3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:79);

Example 86

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; and

Example 87

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide)]hGIP(1-43)-OH.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a compound according to the present invention as summarized hereinabove and claimed in the appended claims may further comprise a covalently linked PEG moiety, in which said PEG moiety is covalently linked to the compound via a Cys(maleimide), hCys(maleimide), or Pen(maleimide) linker, to form Cys(succinimide-N-PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-PEG), or Pen(succinimide-N-PEG), wherein “succinimide-N-PEG” is either linear or branched as defined hereinbelow. Such PEG moiety has average molecular weight of from about 2,000 to about 80,000, and preferably such PEG moiety is selected from the group consisting of 5K PEG, 10K PEG, 20K PEG, 30K PEG, 40K PEG, 50K PEG, and 60K PEG, to form Cys(succinimide-N-5K PEG), Cys(succinimide-N-10K PEG), Cys(succinimide-N-20K PEG), Cys(succinimide-N-30K PEG), Cys(succinimide-N-40K PEG), Cys(succinimide-N-50K PEG), Cys(succinimide-N-60K PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-5K PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-10K PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-20K PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-30K PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-40K PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-50K PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-60K PEG), Pen(succinimide-N-5K PEG), Pen(succinimide-N-10K PEG), Pen(succinimide-N-20K PEG), Pen(succinimide-N-30K PEG), Pen(succinimide-N-40K PEG), Pen(succinimide-N-50K PEG), or Pen(succinimide-N-60K PEG).

PEGylation occurs at any one of amino acid residue positions 16, 30, and 31-43, and preferably at any one of amino acid residue positions 32, 33 and 43, whereby Cys(succinimide-N-PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-PEG), or Pen(succinimide-N-PEG) is placed in any one of such amino acid residue positions.

Further, the above formula (I) may be expanded to provide PEGylation sites at positions A⁴⁴-A⁴⁷. The C-terminus of such PEGylated compounds of the present invention may be amidated, e.g., (4Hppa¹, Aib², A5c⁷, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:4), or it may remain as free acid, e.g., (4Hppa¹, Aib², A5c⁷, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-OH (SEQ ID NO:96).

Preferred compounds of such PEGylated compounds are:

Example 88

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:80);

Example 89

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-30K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:81);

Example 90

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂

Example 91

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-30K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂

Example 92

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-60K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:82);

Example 93

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-60K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:83);

Example 94

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹′ Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-60K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂

Example 95

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-60K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂

Example 96

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:84)

Example 97

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:85)

Example 98

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:86)

Example 99

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂

Example 100

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂

Example 101

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂

Example 102

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:87)

Example 103

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:88)

Example 104

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:89)

Example 105

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂

Example 106

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂

Example 107

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂

Example 108

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:90)

Example 109

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:91)

Example 110

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:92);

Example 111

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂;

Example 112

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂;

Example 113

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂;

Example 114

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:93);

Example 115

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:94);

Example 116

[3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:95);

Example 117

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³ (succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂;

Example 118

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂; and

Example 119

[3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³³ (succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The application employs the following commonly understood abbreviations:

Abu: α-aminobutyric acid

Acc: 1-amino-1-cyclo(C₃-C₉)alkyl carboxylic acid

-   -   A3c: 1-amino-1-cyclopropane carboxylic acid     -   A4c: 1-amino-1-cyclobutanecarboxylic acid     -   A5c: 1-amino-1-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid     -   A6c: 1-amino-1-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

Act: 4-amino-4-carboxytetrahydropyran

Ado: 12-aminododecanoic acid

Aib: α-aminoisobutyric acid

Aic: 2-aminoindan-2-carboxylic acid

Ala or A: alanine

β-Ala: beta-alanine

Amp: 4-amino-phenylalanine;

Apc: 4-amino-4-carboxypiperidine:

Arg or R: arginine

hArg: homoarginine

Asn or N: asparagine

Asp or D: aspartic acid

Aun: 11-aminoundecanoic acid

Ava: 5-aminovaleric acid

Cha: β-cyclohexylalanine

Cpa: 4-Cl-phenylalanine

Cys or C: cysteine

Dhp: 3,4-dehydroproline

Dmt: 5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid

Gaba: γ-aminobutyric acid

Gln or Q: glutamine

Glu or E: glutamic acid

Gly or G: glycine

His or H: histidine

4Hppa: 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid

3Hyp: 3-hydroxyproline

4Hyp: 4-hydroxyproline

Ile or I: isoleucine

4Ktp: 4-ketoproline

Leu or L: leucine

Lys or K: lysine

Met or M: methionine

Nle: norleucine

Nme-Tyr: N-methyl-tyrosine

1Nal or 1-Nal: β-(1-naphthyl)alanine

2Nal or 2-Nal: β-(2-naphthyl)alanine

Nle: norleucine

Nva: norvaline

Orn: ornithine

2Pal or 2-Pal: β-(2-pyridinyl)alanine

3Pal or 3-Pal: β-(3-pyridinyl)alanine

4Pal or 4-Pal: β-(4-pyridinyl)alanine

Pen: penicillamine

Phe or F: phenylalanine

(3,4,5F)Phe: 3,4,5-trifluorophenylalanine

(2,3,4,5,6)Phe: 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenylalanine

3,4,5F-Phe: 3,4,5-trifluoro-phenylalanine

3,4F-Phe: 3,4-difluoro-phenylalanine

3,5F-Phe: 3,5-difluoro-phenylalanine

3Br-Phe: 3-bromo-phenylalanine

3Cl-Phe: 3-chloro-phenylalanine

3F-Phe: 3-fluoro-phenylalanine

3OH-Phe: 3-hydroxy-phenylalanine

4CN-Phe: 4-cyano-phenylalanine

4F-Phe: 4-fluoro-phenylalanine

4NH₂CH₂-Phe: 4-aminomethyl-phenylalanine

4NH₂-Phe: 4-amino-phenylalanine

Pro or P: proline

hPro: homoproline

Psu: N-propylsuccinimide

Ser or S: serine

Taz: β-(4-thiazolyl)alanine

3Thi or 3-Thi: β-(3-thienyl)alanine

Thr or T: threonine

Thz: thioproline

Tic: tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid

Tle: tert-leucine

Trp or W: tryptophan

Tyr or Y: tyrosine

Tyr(Ac): tyrosine(acetyl)

Tyr(Me): tyrosine(O-methyl)

β-Tyr: 0-tyrosine

αMe-Tyr: α-methyl-tyrosine

2,6Me-Tyr: 2,6-dimethyl-tyrosine

2F-Tyr: 2-fluoro-tyrosine

3,5Br-Tyr: 3,5-dibromo-tyrosine

3,5I-Tyr: 3,5-diiodo-tyrosine

3Br-Tyr: 3-bromo-tyrosine

3Cl-Tyr: 3-chloro-tyrosine

3F-Tyr: 3-fluoro-tyrosine

3I-Tyr: 3-iodo-tyrosine

3MeO-Tyr: 3-O-methyl-tyrosine

3NH₂-Tyr: 3-amino-tyrosine

3NO₂-Tyr: 3-nitro-tyrosine

3 (OH-—(CH₂)Tyr: 3-methylhydroxy-tyrosine

3OH-Tyr: 3-hydroxy-tyrosine

Val or V: valine

Certain other abbreviations used herein are defined as follows:

Boc: tert-butyloxycarbonyl

BSA: bovine serum albumin

DCM: dichloromethane

DIPEA: diisopropylethyl amine

DMF: dimethylformamide

ESI: electrospray ionization

Fmoc: 9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl

HBTU: 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate

HOBT: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole

HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography

IBMX: isobutylmethylxanthine

LC-MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

NMP: N-methylpyrrolidone

5K PEG: polyethylene glycol, which may include other functional groups or moieties such as a linker, and which is either linear or branched as defined hereinbelow, with an average total molecular weight of about 5,000

10K PEG: polyethylene glycol, which may include other functional groups or moieties such as a linker, and which is either linear or branched as defined hereinbelow, with an average total molecular weight of about 10,000

20K PEG: polyethylene glycol, which may include other functional groups or moieties such as a linker, and which is either linear or branched as defined hereinbelow, with an average total molecular weight of about 20,000

30K PEG: polyethylene glycol, which may include other functional groups or moieties such as a linker, and which is either linear or branched as defined hereinbelow, with an average total molecular weight of about 30,000

40K PEG: polyethylene glycol, which may include other functional groups or moieties such as a linker, and which is either linear or branched as defined hereinbelow, with an average total molecular weight of about 40,000

50K PEG: polyethylene glycol, which may include other functional groups or moieties such as a linker, and which is either linear or branched as defined hereinbelow, with an average total molecular weight of about 50,000

60K PEG: polyethylene glycol, which may include other functional groups or moieties such as a linker, and which is either linear or branched as defined hereinbelow, with an average total molecular weight of about 60,000

tBu: tert-butyl

TIS: triisopropylsilane

Trt: trityl

TFA: trifluoro acetic acid

TFFH: tetramethylfluoroformamidinium hexafluorophosphate

Z: benzyloxycarbonyl

“4CF₃-Phe”, i.e., 4-trifluoromethyl-phenylalanine, has the structure of:

“7HO-Tic”, i.e., 7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, has the structure of:

“Tyr¹-Ψ-(CH₂—NH)” has the structure of:

The Greek letter psi “Ψ” is used herein to indicate that a peptide bond has been replaced by a pseudopeptide bond. In an amino acid sequence name, the format of the Ψ term is A¹-Ψ-(X—X′)A² wherein A¹ is the amino acyl radical whose carbonyl group has been modified to X and A² is the amino acyl radical whose α-amino group has been modified to X′. X and X′ are shown as strings of element symbols separated by a bond, e.g., Tyr-Ψ-(CH₂—NH)Gly.

“Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl)” has the structure of:

“Cys(Psu)” has the structure of:

“Orn(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₂—CH₃)” has the structure of:

“Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃)” has the structure of:

wherein, x=1-30, and y=1-30.

“hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃)” has the structure of:

wherein, x=1-30, and y=1-30.

“Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃)” has the structure of:

wherein, x=1-30, and y=1-30.

“Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃)” has the structure of:

wherein, s=1-30, and t=1-30.

“hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃)” has the structure of:

wherein s=1-30, and t=1-30.

“Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃)” has the structure of:

wherein s=1-30, and t=1-30.

“Cys(succinimide-N-PEG)” has the structure of:

“hCys(succinimide-N-PEG)” has the structure of:

“Pen(succinimide-N-PEG)” has the structure of:

“Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—PEG)” has the structure of:

“Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(PEG)-CH₂-PEG)” has the structure of:

With the exception of the N-terminal amino acid, all abbreviations (e.g., Ala) of amino acids in this disclosure stand for the structure of —NH—C(R)(R′)—CO—, wherein R and R′ each is, independently, hydrogen or the side chain of an amino acid (e.g., R═CH₃ and R′═H for Ala), or R and R′ may be joined to form a ring system. For the N-terminal amino acid, the abbreviation stands for the structure of (R²R³)N—C(R)(R′)—CO—, wherein R² and R³ are as defined in the above formula (I).

The term “(C₁-C₃₀)hydrocarbon moiety” encompasses alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl, and in the case of alkenyl and alkynyl there are C₂-C₃₀.

A peptide of this invention is also denoted herein by another format, e.g., (A5c²)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:3), with the substituted amino acids from the natural sequence placed between the brackets (e.g., A5c² for Ala² in hGIP). The numbers between the parentheses refer to the number of amino acids present in the peptide (e.g., hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:1) is amino acids 1 through 42 of the peptide sequence for hGIP). The designation “NH₂” in hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:2) indicates that the C-terminus of the peptide is amidated; hGIP(1-42) (SEQ ID NO:1) or hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:1) means that the C-terminus is the free acid.

Human GIP (“hGIP”) has the amino acid sequence of:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) Tyr-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Ile-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ile- 1               5                   10  Ala-Met-Asp-Lys-Ile-His-Gln-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Asn-         15                  20         Trp-Leu-Leu-Ala-Gln-Lys-Gly-Lys-Lys-Asn-Asp-Trp- 25                  30                  35 Lys-His-Asn-Ile-Thr-Gln.             40        

“Acyl” refers to R″—C(O)—, where R″ is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, or substituted alkylaryl.

“Alkyl” refers to a hydrocarbon group containing one or more carbon atoms, where multiple carbon atoms if present are joined by single bonds. The alkyl hydrocarbon group may be straight-chain or contain one or more branches or cyclic groups.

“Substituted alkyl” refers to an alkyl wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the hydrocarbon group are replaced with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, (i.e., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine), —OH, —CN, —SH, —NH₂, —NHCH₃, —NO₂, —C₁₋₂₀ alkyl substituted with halogens, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, and —(CH₂)₀₋₂₀—COOH. In different embodiments 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents are present. The presence of —(CH₂)₀₋₂₀—COOH results in the production of an alkyl acid. Examples of alkyl acids containing, or consisting of, —(CH₂)₀₋₂₀—COOH include 2-norbornane acetic acid, tert-butyric acid and 3-cyclopentyl propionic acid.

“Heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl wherein one of more of the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon group are replaced with one or more of the following groups: amino, amido, —O—, —S— or carbonyl. In different embodiments 1 or 2 heteroatoms are present.

“Substituted heteroalkyl” refers to a heteroalkyl wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the hydrocarbon group are replaced with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, —SH, —NH₂, —NHCH₃, —NO₂, —C₁₋₂₀ alkyl substituted with halogens, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, and —(CH₂)₀₋₂₀—COOH. In different embodiments 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents are present.

“Alkenyl” refers to a hydrocarbon group made up of two or more carbons wherein one or more carbon-carbon double bonds are present. The alkenyl hydrocarbon group may be straight-chain or contain one or more branches or cyclic groups.

“Substituted alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl wherein one or more hydrogens are replaced with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of

halogen, —OH, —CN, —SH, —NH₂, —NHCH₃, —NO₂, —C₁₋₂₀ alkyl substituted with halogens, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, and —(CH₂)₀₋₂₀—COOH. In different embodiments 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents are present.

“Aryl” refers to an optionally substituted aromatic group with at least one ring having a conjugated pi-electron system, containing up to three conjugated or fused ring systems. Aryl includes carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl and biaryl groups. Preferably, the aryl is a 5 or 6 membered ring. Preferred atoms for a heterocyclic aryl are one or more sulfur, oxygen, and/or nitrogen. Examples of aryl include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indole, quinoline, 2-imidazole, and 9-anthracene. Aryl substituents are selected from the group consisting of —C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, —C₁₋₂₀ alkoxy,

halogen, —OH, —CN, —SH, —NH₂, —NO₂, —C₁₋₂₀ alkyl substituted with halogens, —CF₃, —OCF₃, and —(CH₂)₀₋₂₀—COOH. In different embodiments the aryl contains 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents.

“Alkylaryl” refers to an “alkyl” joined to an “aryl”.

Synthesis

The peptides of this invention can be prepared by standard solid phase peptide synthesis. See, e.g., Stewart, J. M., et al., 1984, Solid Phase Synthesis, Pierce Chemical Co., 2d ed. If R¹ is NH—X²—CH₂—CONH₂, i.e., Z⁰═CONH₂, the synthesis of the peptide starts with Fmoc-HN—X²—CH₂—CONH₂ which is coupled to Rink amide MBHA resin. If R¹ is NH—X²—CH₂—COOH, i.e., Z⁰═COOH, the synthesis of the peptide starts with Fmoc-HN—X²—CH₂—COOH which is coupled to Wang resin. For this particular step, 2 molar equivalents of Fmoc-HN—X²—COOH, HBTU and HOBt and 10 molar equivalents of DIPEA are used. The coupling time is about 8 hours.

In the synthesis of a GIP analogue of this invention containing A5c, A6c, and/or Aib, the coupling time is 2 hrs for these residues and the residue immediately following them.

The substituents R² and R³ of the above generic formula can be attached to the free amine of the N-terminal amino acid A¹ by standard methods known in the art. For example, alkyl groups, e.g., (C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, can be attached using reductive alkylation. Hydroxyalkyl groups, e.g., (C₁-C₃₀)hydroxyalkyl, can also be attached using reductive alkylation wherein the free hydroxy group is protected with a tert-butyl ester. Acyl groups, e.g., —C(O)X³, can be attached by coupling the free acid, e.g., —X³COOH, to the free amine of the N-terminal amino acid by mixing the completed resin with 3 molar equivalents of both the free acid and diisopropylcarbodiimide in methylene chloride for about one hour. If the free acid contains a free hydroxy group, e.g., 3-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, then the coupling should be performed with an additional 3 molar equivalents of HOBT.

The following examples describe synthetic methods for making a peptide of this invention, which methods are well-known to those skilled in the art. Other methods are also known to those skilled in the art. The examples are provided for the purpose of illustration and are not meant to limit the scope of the present invention in any manner.

Example 1 (4Hppa¹, Aib², A5c⁷, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂

The titled peptide was automatically synthesized on an Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif., USA) model 433A peptide synthesizer based on fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry. Rink Amide MBHA (4-methylbenzhydrylamine) resin (Nova Biochem, La Jolla, Calif., USA) with substitution of 0.72 mmol/g was used. The Fmoc amino acid cartridges were from AnaSpec (San Jose, Calif., USA). The Fmoc amino acids with the side chain protections were as follows: Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH, Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Ala-OH, Fmoc-Leu-OH, Fmoc-Trp(Boc)-OH, Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Val-OH, Fmoc-Phe-OH, Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH Fmoc-His(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Ile-OH, Fmoc-Nle-OH, Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-ASC—OH, Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Gly-OH, and Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-OH and Fmoc-Aib-OH. 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid (4Hppa) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo., USA). The synthesis was carried out on a 0.25 mmol scale. The ABI 433A peptide synthesizer was programmed to perform the following reaction cycle: (1) washing with NMP, (2) removing Fmoc protecting group with 20% piperidine in NMP for 10 minutes, (3) washing with NMP during washing and removing of Fmoc cycles, the Fmoc amino acid (4 eq, 1 mmol) was first pre-activated with 2 ml solution of 0.45M 2-(1-H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,2,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate/1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (HBTU/HOBT) in DMF; this activated amino acid ester, 1 ml of 2M diisopropylethyl amine (DIPEA) and 2.5 ml of NMP were added to the resin and (4) coupling with pre-activated amino acid for 1 hr. The coupling of A5c with its following Phe and Aib with its following 4Hppa were prolonged to 3 hr. The resin was double coupled successively according to the sequence. After finishing the assembly of peptide chain, the protected peptide-resin was cleaved in a mixture of TFA, H₂O, TIS (15 ml/1.28 ml/1.35 ml) for 3 hr. It was filtered into 140 ml of cold ether and centrifuged to get precipitate. This crude product was dissolved in 20 ml of 50% AcOH and diluted with 180 ml water. It was purified on a reverse-phase preparative HPLC, using a column (4×43 cm) of C₁₈ DYNAMAX-100 A⁰ (Varian, Walnut Creek, Calif., USA). The column was eluted with a linear gradient from 20% B to 45% B in 45 minutes, where A was 0.1% TFA in water and B was 0.1% TFA in CH₃CN. After being checked by MS and HPLC, all pure fractions were pooled and lyophilized to dryness. The purity of the compound was 99.90%. Electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis gave the molecular weight of 3510.8 in agreement with the calculated molecular weight of 3510.93.

Example 11 (3,5Br-Tyr¹, Aib^(2,13), Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH

The titled peptide was automatically synthesized on an Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif., USA) model 433A peptide synthesizer based on fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry. Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-wang resin (Novabiochem., La Jolla, Calif., USA) with substitution of 0.59 mmol/g was used. The Fmoc amino acid cartridges were from AnaSpec (San Jose, Calif., USA). The Fmoc amino acids with the side chain protections were as follows: Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Ile-OH, Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-His(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH, Fmoc-Trp(Boc)-OH, Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH, Fmoc-Gly-OH Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Ala-OH, Fmoc-Leu-OH, Fmoc-Val-OH, Fmoc-Phe-OH, Fmoc-Ile-OH, Fmoc-Nle-OH, Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-OH, and Fmoc-Aib-OH. 3,5Br-Tyr-OH was from Chem-Impex international (Wooddale, Ill., USA). The synthesis was carried out on a 0.25 mmol scale. The ABI 433A peptide synthesizer was programmed to perform the following reaction cycle: (1) washing with NMP, (2) removing Fmoc protecting group with 20% piperidine in NMP for 10 minutes, (3) washing with NMP during the removing of Fmoc cycle and following washing, the Fmoc amino acid (4 eq., 1 mmol) was first pre-activated with 2 ml solution of 0.45M 2-(1-H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,2,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate/1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (HBTU/HOBT) in DMF; this activated amino acid ester, 1 ml of 2M diisopropylethyl amine (DIPEA) and 2.5 ml of NMP were added to the resin and (4) coupling with pre-activated amino acid for 1 hour. The coupling of Aib with its following Ile was prolonged to 3 hours. Coupling of 3,5Br-Tyr-OH was done manually with PYAOP [(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)oxytris(pyrrolidino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate] as a coupling reagent in the presence of DIPEA and pentalfluorophenol. The resin was double coupled successively according to the sequence. After finishing the assembly of peptide chain, the protected peptide-resin was treated with a solution containing Na₂CO₃/DMF/DBU (1/0.5/0.1) for 2 hours, then cleaved Fmoc with 25% piperidine for 45 minutes. It was cleaved in a mixture of TFA, H₂O, TIS, thioanisole and phenol (12 ml/0.64/0.64/0.5/0.5) for 3 hours and then was filtered into 140 ml of cold ether. The precipitate was obtained after centrifugalization. This crude product was dissolved in 20 ml of 50% AcOH, diluted with 180 ml water and purified on a reverse-phase preparative HPLC, using a column (4×43 cm) of C₁₈ DYNAMAX-100 A⁰ (Varian, Walnut Creek, Calif., USA). The column was eluted with a linear gradient from 20% B to 45% B in 45 minutes, where A was 0.1% TFA in water and B was 0.1% TFA in CH₃CN. After checked by MS and HPLC, all pure fractions were pooled and lyophilized to dryness. The purity was 99.90%. ESI mass analysis showed 5150.8.

Example 22 (3,4,5F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH

Side chain protected Fmoc-[Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴]hGIP(2-42)-Wang resin was synthesized on an Applied Biosystems model 433A peptide synthesizer (Foster City, Calif., USA) using fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry. A Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-Wang Resin (Novabiochem., San Diego, Calif., USA) with substitution of 0.59 mmol/g was used. The Fmoc amino acids (AnaSpec, San Jose, Calif., USA) used were Fmoc-Ala-OH, Fmoc-Aib-OH, Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Asp(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-A5c-OH, Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Glu(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Gly-OH, Fmoc-His(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Ile-OH, Fmoc-Leu-OH, Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH, Fmoc-Phe-OH Fmoc-Nle-OH, Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Trp(Boc)-OH, and Fmoc-Val-OH. The synthesis was carried out on a 0.2 mmol scale. The Fmoc groups were removed by treatment with 20% piperidine in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) for 30 minutes. In each coupling step, the Fmoc amino acid (3 eq., 0.3 mmol) was first pre-activated in 2 ml solution of 0.45M 2-(1-H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,2,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate/l-hydroxy-benzotriazole (HBTU/HOBT) in NMP. This activated amino acid ester, 1 ml of diisopropylethyl amine (DIPEA) and 1 ml of NMP were added to the resin. The ABI 433A peptide synthesizer was programmed to perform the following reaction cycle: (1) washing with NMP, (2) removing Fmoc protecting group with 20% piperidine in NMP for 30 minutes, (3) washing with NMP, (4) coupling with pre-activated Fmoc amino acid for 3 hours, (5) washing with NMP, and (6) coupling with pre-activated Fmoc amino acid for 3 hours. One equivalent of TFFH (tetramethylfluoroformamidinium hexafluorophosphate; Perceptive Biosystems, Warrington, UK) was added to the coupling of Fmoc-A5c-OH and Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH in positions 10 and 11. The resin was double coupled successively according to the sequence of the title peptide. After the peptide chain was assembled the resin was washed completely by using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dichloromethane (DCM).

At the end of the assembly of the peptide chain on the 433A, the peptide-resin was transferred to a reaction vessel on a shaker and the Fmoc was removed using 25% Pip/DMF for 30 minutes. The resin was washed with DMF. Fmoc-Phe(3,4,5-F)—OH (1.0 mmole) was coupled using PyAOP(1(7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yloxytris(pyrrolidino)phosphonium-hexafluorophosphate, Applied Biosystems, 6 mmole), Pentafluorophenol (Oakwood Products; West Columbia, S.C., USA) (2.0 mmole) and DIPEA (2.0 mmole). The Fmoc group was removed as above.

To cleave the title peptide, resin was treated with a mixture of TFA, H₂O and triisopropylsilane (TIS) (9.5 ml/0.85 ml/0.8 ml) for 4 hours. The resin was filtered off and the filtrate was poured into 200 ml of ether. The precipitate was collected by centrifugation. This crude product was dissolved in a mixture of acetonitrile and water and purified on a reverse-phase preparative HPLC system with a column (250-21.2 mm) of C₁₈ Luna (Phenomenex). The column was eluted over 80 minutes using a linear gradient of 100% A: to 55% A:45% B, where A was 0.1% TFA in water and B was 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile. The fractions were checked by analytical HPLC and those containing pure product were pooled and lyophilized to dryness to give 156.5 mg (15.5%) of a white solid. Purity was assayed using HPLC and found to be approximately 99.90%. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis gave the molecular weight at 5041.5.

Example 40 [Tyr¹Ψ(CH₂NH)Gly², A5c^(11, 41)]hGIP(1-42)-OH

A. Assembly of Peptide Chain of (Gly², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(2-42)-OH

It was assembled using microwave-assisted Fmoc Chemistry on a Liberty Peptide Synthesizer (CEM; Matthews, N.C., USA) at the 0.20 mmole scale. Pre-loaded Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-Wang resin (0.59 mmole/g; Novabiochem, San Diego, Calif., USA) was used to generate the C-terminal acid peptide. The resin (0.423 g) was placed in a 50 ml conical tube along with 15 ml of dimethylformamide (DMF) and loaded onto a resin position on the synthesizer. The resin was then quantitatively transferred to the reaction vessel via the automated process. The standard Liberty synthesis protocol for 0.25 mmole scale synthesis was used. This protocol involves deprotecting the N-terminal Fmoc moiety via an initial treatment with 7 ml of 20% piperidine, containing 0.1M N-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT), in DMF. The initial deprotection step was for 30 seconds with microwave power (45 watts, maximum temperature of 75° C.), and nitrogen bubbling (3 seconds on/7 seconds off). The reaction vessel was then drained and a second piperidine treatment, identical to the first treatment, except that it was for a 3-minute duration. The resin was then drained and thoroughly washed with DMF several times. Cycle 2 was coupling of Fmoc-A5c-OH, its 0.2M stock solution in DMF was then added (2.5 ml, 5 eq.), followed by 1.0 ml of 0.45M (4.5 eq.) HBTU [2-(1H-benzo-triazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosaphate] in DMF. This was followed by the addition of 0.5 ml of 2M (10 eq.) DIPEA (diisopropylethyl amine) in NMP (N-methylpyrrollidinone). The coupling step was performed for 5 minutes using 20 watts of microwave power at a max temperature of 75° C. and the same rate of nitrogen bubbling. Following the initial coupling step the reaction vessel was drained to waste and the coupling was repeated once. Cycle 3 following Fmoc A5c was used aggressive coupling in which coupling step was performed for 10 minutes using 20 watts of microwave power at a max temperature of 90° C. All amino acids were introduced similarly to those described at cycle 2 except that aggressive couplings were applied to Fmoc A5c-OH at Cycle 32 and its following Fmoc Tyr(tBu)-OH. A double-coupling strategy was employed throughout the entire sequence. Cycles 2, 4, 20, 21, 26, 27, 31, 36 37, 38, 39, 41 contained a capping procedure immediately following the coupling step. Capping was performed by adding 7 mL of 0.5M acetic anhydride, containing 0.015M HOBT in NMP, along with 2 mL of the 2M DIPEA solution using a multi-step microwave protocol: 50 watts of power for 30 seconds (65° C. max temperature), followed by 30 seconds of microwave power off, followed by a second round of 30 seconds of microwave power on (50 watts), and then again 30 seconds of no microwave power. The resin was then drained and thoroughly washed with DMF. The following amino acids (Advanced Chemtech, Louisville, Ky., USA) were used: Cycle 2: Fmoc-A5c-OH; Cycle 3: Fmoc-Ile-OH; Cycle 4: Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OH; Cycle 5: Fmoc-His(Trt)-OH; Cycle 6: Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH; Cycle 7: Fmoc-Trp(Boc)-OH; Cycle 8: Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH; Cycle 9: Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OH; Cycle 10: Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH; Cycle 11: Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH; Cycle 12: Fmoc-Gly-OH; Cycle 13: Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH; Cycle 14: Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-OH; Cycle 15: Fmoc-Ala-OH; Cycle 16: Fmoc-Leu-OH; Cycle 17: Fmoc-Leu-OH; Cycle 18: Fmoc-Trp(Boc)-OH; Cycle 19: Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OH; Cycle 20: Fmoc-Val-OH; Cycle 21: Fmoc-Phe-OH; Cycle 22: Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH; Cycle 23: Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-OH; Cycle 24: Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-OH; Cycle 25: Fmoc-His(Trt)-OH; Cycle 26: Fmoc-Ile-OH; Cycle 27: Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH; Cycle 28: Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH; Cycle 29: Fmoc-Met-OH; Cycle 30: Fmoc-Ala-OH; Cycle 31: Fmoc-Ile-OH; Cycle 32:Fmoc-A5C-OH, Cycle 33: Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH, Cycle 34:Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH; Cycle 35: Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-OH; Cycle 36: Fmoc-Ile-OH; Cycle 37: Fmoc-Phe-OH; Cycle 38: Fmoc Thr(oBu))-OH; Cycle 39: Fmoc-Gly-OH, Cycle 40: Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-OH, and Cycle41: Fmoc-Gly-OH. The coupling protocol for Fmoc-His(Trt)-OH was a slightly modified version of the standard protocol. The microwave power was off for the first 2 minutes, followed by 4 minutes with microwave power on (20 watts; max temperature of 50° C.). After assembly of peptide chain was finished, the resin was treated with 20% piperidine in DMF for 40 minutes to deprotect Fmoc at N-terminal.

B. Synthesis of Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-CHO

Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH was converted to N-methoxy-N-methyl-α-(Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-carboxamide. Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH (4.6 g, 10 mmol) in 100 ml DCM was mixed with O,N-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (1 g, 10 mmol), HOBT (1.37 g, 10.1 mmol, and DIPEA (5.25 ml, 30 mmol) at ice bath for 15 minutes, to which EDC (2.11 g, 11 mmol) was added. The reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 hrs. It was diluted with DCM, which was successively washed by sat. NaHCO₃ (50 ml×3), 10% citric acid (50 ml×3) and brine (50 ml×3). After all DCM layer was dried over Mg SO₄, it was stripped down to give 4.62 g with MS 503.4 (MW 503.6).

N-methoxy-N-methyl-α-(Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-carboxamide was reduced to Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-CHO. Lithium aluminum hydride (36 ml, 1M) was slowly added to a cooled 60 ml stirred THF solution of N-methoxy-N-methyl-α-(Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-carboxamide (3.6 g, 7.1 mmol) in 50 minutes. The reduction was finished in 20 minutes. The mixture was hydrolyzed with 100 ml of 0.5 N KHSO₄ for 0.5 hr. It was extracted with 200 ml ether. All organic layer was washed with 10% KHSO₄ (50 ml×2), brine (50 ml×3) then dried over MgSO₄. The solvent was evaporated to give crude aldehyde product.

The above crude Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-CHO (3.115 mmol) in 5 ml DMF was added into peptide (Gly², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(2-42)-resin (0.2 mmol) containing 5 ml DMF with 100 μl AcOH. It was treated with NaBH₃CN (0.1957 g) for 1 hr, then second portion of NaBH₃CN (0.1957 g) was added. It was repeated once again, then the resin was shaken overnight. After the resin was washed and cleaved Fmoc with 25% piperidine for 45 minutes. It was cleaved with a solution of TFA, H₂O, TI and DTT (15 ml/1.28 ml/1.35 ml/0.75 g) for 3 hr and then was filtered into 140 ml of cold ether. The precipitate was obtained after centrifugalization. This crude product was dissolved in 20 ml of 50% AcOH, diluted with 180 ml water and purified on a reverse-phase preparative HPLC, using a column (4×43 cm) of C₁₈ DYNAMAX-100 A⁰ (Varian, Walnut Creek, Calif., USA). The column was eluted with a linear gradient from 20% B to 45% B in 45 minutes, where A was 0.1% TFA in water and B was 0.1% TFA in CH₃CN. After checked by MS and HPLC, all pure fractions were pooled and lyophilized to dryness. The purity was 98.93%. ESI mass analysis showed 4989.7 in agreement with the calculated molecular weight of 4989.67.

Other peptides of the invention can be prepared by a person of ordinary skill in the art using synthetic procedures analogous to those disclosed in the foregoing examples. Physical data for the compounds exemplified herein are given in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Example Mol. Wt. Mol. Wt. % Purity Number (Expected) (ESI-MS) (HPLC) 1 3510.93 3510.8 99.90 2 3510.98 3510.8 99.90 3 3528.97 3529.1 98.30 4 3529.02 3528.6 95.40 5 3512.95 3512.4 96.90 6 3530.99 3530.5 99.90 7 4964.57 4964.5 99.90 8 4962.60 4963.3 99.90 9 3480.95 3481.3 95.00 10 4967.56 4967.4 99.90 11 5151.38 5150.8 99.90 12 4977.60 4977.8 99.90 13 5161.42 5161.3 99.90 14 5038.07 5038.6 99.90 15 5082.53 5082.5 99.90 16 5129.52 5129.7 99.90 17 5255.41 5255.7 99.90 18 5002.65 5003.0 99.90 19 5017.66 5018.3 99.00 20 5022.8 5022.2 99.00 21 5016.67 5016.3 99.90 22 5041.60 5041.5 99.90 23 5005.62 5005.7 99.90 24 5023.61 5023.7 99.90 25 5023.61 5023.7 99.90 26 5031.71 5032.3 95.10 27 5047.71 5048.4 99.90 28 5061.73 5062.3 98.30 29 5073.74 5074.2 96.00 30 5059.76 5059.8 99.90 31 5045.73 5046.6 97.50 32 5033.70 5034.2 98.70 33 5016.70 5017.5 99.70 34 5016.70 5017.3 99.20 35 5022.72 5023.7 99.90 36 5076.70 5077.5 97.10 37 5021.74 5022.7 99.90 38 5040.72 5041.3 96.40 39 5009.59 5009.5 95.14 40 4989.67 4989.7 98.93 41 5033.70 5033.9 99.40 53 5186.9 5187.7 98.7 54 5166.8 5166.9 99.9 55 5168.8 5169.2 99.9 61 5161.2 5161.7 99.9 62 5159.2 5159.5 99.9 63 5173.2 5173.8 96.5 64 5175.2 5176.1 99.9 71 5219.7 5219.7 95.6 72 5217.7 5217.7 95.4 73 5188.8 5188.9 95.3 74 5168.8 5168.9 99.9 75 5178.8 5178.9 99.9 77 5170.8 5171.4 98.4 78 5156.8 5157.3 96.8 79 5167.8 5167.7 99.1 80 5172.8 5172.4 98.8 81 5334.5 5334.7 99.9 82 5332.5 5333.1 99.9 83 5348.6 5348.9 99.9 85 5140.2 5140.7 99.9 86 5224.3 5224.6 99.9 87 5222.2 5223.5 99.9 88 26364 26367 99.6 89 35703 35706 99.9 102 48112 48132 99.9

Functional Assays

A. In Vitro hGIP Receptor Binding Assay

Membranes for in vitro receptor binding assays were prepared by homogenizing the CHO—K1 clonal cells expressing the human recombinant GIP receptor, with a Brinkman Polytron (setting 6, 15 sec), in ice-cold 50 mM Tris-HCl and then subjected to two centrifugations at 39,000 g for 10 minutes, with a resuspension in fresh buffer in between. For the assay, aliquots of the washed membrane preparations were incubated (100 minutes at 25° C. with 0.05 nM [¹²⁵1]GIP (2200 Ci/mmol) in 50 mM Tris-HCl, 0.1 mg/ml bacitracin, and 0.1% BSA. The final assay volume was 0.5 ml. The incubations were terminated by rapid filtration through GF/C filters (pre-soaked in 0.5% polyethylenimine) using a Brandel filtration manifold. Each tube and filter were then washed three times with 5-ml aliquots of ice-cold buffer.

Specific binding was defined as the total radioligand bound minus that bound in the presence of 1000 nM GIP. In vitro hGIP receptor binding data for the compounds exemplified herein are given in Table 2.

B. Human and Rat Plasma Half-Life Assay

GIP peptide (50 μl 1 mg/ml) was added to 450 μl plasma (human or rat), vertexed briefly and incubated at 37° C. 50 μl was removed at various times, like at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 24, 32, 48, 56, 72 hours, mixed with 5 μl formic acid and 150 μL acetonitrile in a microcentrifuge tube, vertexed, and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 10K rpm. The supernatant was transferred to an injection vial and analyzed by LC-MS. The LC-MS system consisted of an API4000 mass spectrometer with an ESI probe. Positive ion mode and full scan detection were used. HPLC separation was carried out on a Luna 3μ C8 (2), 2×30 mm column with a gradient from 90% A to 90% B in 10 minutes at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. Buffer A was 1% formic acid in water and buffer B was 1% formic acid acetonitrile. Human and rat plasma half-life data for the compounds exemplified herein are given in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Example Human Plasma Rat Plasma Number Ki (nM) T½ (hr) T½ (hr) 1 12.58 N/A N/A 2 20.31 N/A N/A 3 5.00 N/A N/A 4 15.43 N/A N/A 5 2.95 50.6 83.5 6 1.58 N/A N/A 7 250.52 38.5 6.8 8 706.61 >53 12.9 9 N/A 26.5 14.0 10 3.33 71.4 9.2 11 4.26 30.0 11.8 12 3.18 82.5 11.0 13 21.76 50.6 13.1 14 0.42 52.1 27.4 15 0.60 50.6 22.9 16 5.03 52.1 18.5 17 77.91 >72 30.1 18 3.40 >72 32.1 19 77.29 >72 15.2 20 9.40 >74 24.3 21 95.00 >74 6.0 22 31.12 >74 69.3 23 2.70 >74 >74 24 15.67 >74 >74 25 26.00 >74 >74 26 7.52 26.2 48.8 27 6.69 7.0 5.1 28 1.24 >57 10.03 29 0.73 29.5 18.9 30 1.03 27.6 7.2 31 4.50 34.8 9.7 32 5.82 23.9 >61 33 8.14 32.8 15.5 34 9.75 >63 16.3 35 3.28 74.5 50.6 36 11.24 >72 11.7 37 7.05 29.3 >72 38 14.44 16.4 >72 39 10.41 >72 >72 40 48.96 >48 11.9 41 5.43 63.6 >66 53 34.99 20.0 23.2 54 50.17 >50 21.5 55 39.04 37.7 16.1 61 8.89 34.7 8.2 62 5.06 41.7 11.1 63 0.78 43.0 34.7 64 0.76 N/A N/A 71 1.09 N/A N/A 72 0.92 N/A N/A 73 3.90 28.6 11.8 74 9.34 >50 12.8 75 6.40 >60 18.6 77 4.82 N/A N/A 78 9.13 14.9 >52 79 5.12 26.3 21.7 80 9.42 22.6 18.4 81 6.64 N/A N/A 82 9.06 N/A N/A 83 N/A N/A N/A 85 0.83 9.4 11.5 86 9.13 N/A N/A 87 1.41 N/A N/A 102 42.37 N/A N/A C. Determination of cyclic AMP stimulation

1×105 CHO—K1 cells expressing the human recombinant GIP receptor or RIN-5F insulinoma cells were seeded overnight into 24-well cell culture plates (Corning Incorporate, Corning, N.Y., USA). For the assay, the cells were preincubated in 500 μl of Hanks balanced salt solution (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA) with 0.55 mM IBMX (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA) adjusted to pH 7.3 for 10 minutes. GIP or its analogs was then added at a concentration of 100 nM. Following a 30-minute incubation at 37° C., the plates were placed on ice and 500 μl of ice-cold absolute ethanol was added to stop the reaction. The contents of the wells were collected, spun at 2,700 g for 20 minutes at 4° C. to remove cellular debris. The cAMP levels in the supernatants were determined by radioimmunoassay (New England Nuclear, Boston, Mass., USA).

D. Determination of In Vivo Insulin Secretion in Normal Rats

Male Sprague Dawley rats with a body weight of approximately 275-300 g were used as experimental subjects. The day prior to the treatment, right atrial cannulae were implanted via the jugular vein under chlorohydrate. Each cannula was filled with 100 u/ml heparin saline and tied. The rats were fasted for approximately 18 hours prior to dosing with the compound or the vehicle (saline/0.25% BSA). The day of the experiment, aliquots of compound were thawed, brought to room temperature and vortexed thoroughly. A careful check was made for any sign of compound coming out of solution. 10 minutes prior to compound/glucose injection, a 500 μl blood sample was withdrawn and replaced with an equal volume of heparinized saline (10 u/ml). At time 0, a 500 μl blood sample was withdrawn through the cannula. Next, either the vehicle or the appropriate dose of the compound was injected into the cannula and pushed in with the glucose (1 g/kg) or vehicle solution. Finally, 500 μl of volume of heparinized saline (10 u/ml) was used to push in the remaining glucose through the cannula. Additional 500 μl blood samples were withdrawn at 2.5, 5, 10, and 20-minute post-glucose dosing; each immediately followed by a bolus, iv injection of 500 μl heparinized saline (10 u/ml) through the cannula. The plasma was collected from the blood samples by centrifugation, and stored at −20° C. until assay for insulin content. Numerical values of the total insulin secretion, which show the in vivo effects of the compounds of Examples 14 and 28, are summarized in Table 3.

TABLE 3 AUC Vehicle/Vehicle 20.54 Vehicle/Glucose 4.11 Example 14 189.54 Example 28 92.88

Administration

The peptides of this invention can be provided in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Examples of such salts include, but are not limited to, those formed with organic acids (e.g., acetic, lactic, maleic, citric, malic, ascorbic, succinic, benzoic, methanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, or pamoic acid), inorganic acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or phosphoric acid), and polymeric acids (e.g., tannic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose, polylactic, polyglycolic, or copolymers of polylactic-glycolic acids). A typical method of making a salt of a peptide of the present invention is well known in the art and can be accomplished by standard methods of salt exchange. Accordingly, the TFA salt of a peptide of the present invention (the TFA salt results from the purification of the peptide by using preparative HPLC, eluting with TFA containing buffer solutions) can be converted into another salt, such as an acetate salt by dissolving the peptide in a small amount of 0.25 N acetic acid aqueous solution. The resulting solution is applied to a semi-prep HPLC column (Zorbax, 300 SB, C-8). The column is eluted with (1) 0.1N ammonium acetate aqueous solution for 0.5 hrs, (2) 0.25N acetic acid aqueous solution for 0.5 hrs, and (3) a linear gradient (20% to 100% of solution B over 30 minutes) at a flow rate of 4 ml/min (solution A is 0.25N acetic acid aqueous solution; solution B is 0.25N acetic acid in acetonitrile/water, 80:20). The fractions containing the peptide are collected and lyophilized to dryness.

The dosage of active ingredient in the compositions of this invention may be varied; however, it is necessary that the amount of the active ingredient be such that a suitable dosage form is obtained. The selected dosage depends upon the desired therapeutic effect, on the route of administration, and on the duration of the treatment. In general, an effective dosage for the activities of this invention is in the range of 1×10⁻⁷ to 200 mg/kg/day, preferably 1×10⁻⁴ to 100 mg/kg/day, which can be administered as a single dose or divided into multiple doses.

The compounds of this invention can be administered by oral, parenteral (e.g., intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous or subcutaneous injection, or implant), nasal, vaginal, rectal, sublingual, or topical routes of administration, and can be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers to provide dosage forms appropriate for each route of administration.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is admixed with at least one inert pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as sucrose, lactose, or starch. Such dosage forms can also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than such inert diluents, e.g., lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. Tablets and pills can additionally be prepared with enteric coatings.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, without limitation, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, elixirs, and the like, containing inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water. Besides such inert diluents, compositions can also include adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, and sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents.

Preparations according to this invention for parenteral administration include, without limitation, sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and the like. Examples of non-aqueous solvents or vehicles include propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils, such as olive oil and corn oil, gelatin, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Such dosage forms may also contain adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispersing agents. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, by incorporating sterilizing agents into the compositions, by irradiating the compositions, or by heating the compositions. They can also be manufactured in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which may contain, in addition to the active substance, excipients such as coca butter or a suppository wax.

Compositions for nasal or sublingual administration are also prepared with standard excipients well known in the art.

Further, a compound of this invention can be administered in a sustained release composition such as those described in the following patents and patent applications. U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,659 teaches sustained release compositions comprising a bioactive agent and a polyester. U.S. Pat. No. 5,595,760 teaches sustained release compositions comprising a bioactive agent in a gelable form. U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,221 teaches polymeric sustained release compositions comprising a bioactive agent and chitosan. U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,883 teaches sustained release compositions comprising a bioactive agent and cyclodextrin. PCT Pub. No. WO99/38536 teaches absorbable sustained release compositions of a bioactive agent. PCT Pub. No. WO00/04916 teaches a process for making microparticles comprising a therapeutic agent such as a peptide in an oil-in-water process. PCT Pub. No. WO00/09166 teaches complexes comprising a therapeutic agent such as a peptide and a phosphorylated polymer. PCT Pub. No. WO00/25826 teaches complexes comprising a therapeutic agent such as a peptide and a polymer bearing a non-polymerizable lactone.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Also, all publications, patent applications, patents and other references mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference, each in its entirety. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of formula (I), (R²R³)-A¹-A²-A³-A⁴-A⁵-A⁶-A⁷-A⁸-A⁹-A¹⁰-A¹¹-A¹²-A¹³-A¹⁴-A¹⁵-A¹⁶-A¹⁷-A¹⁸-A¹⁹-A²⁰-A²¹-A²²-A²³-A²⁴-A²⁵-A²⁶-A²⁷-A²⁸-A²⁹-A³⁰-A³¹-A³²-A³³-A³⁴-A³⁵-A³⁶-A³⁷-A³⁸-A³⁹-A⁴⁰-A⁴¹-A⁴²-A⁴³-R¹,  (I) wherein: A¹ is Cpa, His, 4Hppa, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe, Taz, 3Thi, 7HO-Tic, Tyr(Ac), Tyr(Me), β-Tyr, 3Br-Tyr, 3,5Br-Tyr, 3Cl-Tyr, 2F-Tyr, 3F-Tyr, hTyr, 3I-Tyr, 3,5I-Tyr, αMe-Tyr, 2,6Me-Tyr, 3MeO-Tyr, 3NH₂-Tyr, 3NO₂-Tyr, 3OH-Tyr, or 3(HO—(CH₂)Tyr; A² is Ala, Abu, D-Abu, Acc, Aib, β-Ala, D-Ala, Gaba, Gly, Ser, D-Ser, Thr, D-Thr, Val, or D-Val; A³ is Glu, Aib, Asp, N-Me-Asp, Dhp, Dmt, N-Me-Glu, 3Hyp, 4Hyp, 4Ktp, Pro, hPro, Thz, or Tic; A⁴ is Gly, Acc, Aib, or β-Ala; A⁵ is Thr, Acc, Aib, or Ser; A⁶ is Phe, Acc, Aib, Aic, Cha, 1Nal, 2Nal, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe, or Trp; A⁷ is Ile, Abu, Acc, Aib, Ala, Cha, Leu, Nle, Phe, Tle, or Val; A⁸ is Ser, Aib, or Thr; A⁹ is Asp, Aib, or Glu; A¹⁰ is Tyr, Acc, Cha, 1Nal, 2Nal, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, Phe, or (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe; A¹¹ is Ser, Acc, Aib, Nle, or Thr; A¹² is Ile, Abu, Acc, Aib, Ala, Cha, Leu, Nle, Phe, Tle, or Val; A¹³ is Ala, Acc, Aib, β-Ala, D-Ala, Gly, or Ser; A¹⁴ is Met, Abu, Acc, Aib, Ala, Cha, Ile, Leu, Nle, Phe, Tle, or Val; A¹⁵ is Asp, Aib, or Glu; A¹⁶ is Lys, Amp, Apc, Arg, hArg, Orn, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃); A¹⁷ is Ile, Abu, Acc, Aib, Ala, Cha, Leu, Nle, Phe, Tle, or Val; A¹⁸ is His, Amp, Arg, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, Phe, or Tyr; A¹⁹ is Gln, Aib, or Asn; A²⁰ is Gln, Aib, or Asn; A²¹ is Asp, Aib, or Glu; A²² is Phe, Acc, Aib, Aic, Cha, 1Nal, 2Nal, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe, or Trp; A²³ is Val, Abu, Acc, Aib, Ala, Cha, Ile, Leu, Nle, or Tle; A²⁴ is Asn, Aib, or Gln; A²⁵ is Trp, Acc, Aib, 1Nal, 2Nal, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, Phe, or (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe; A²⁶ is Leu, Acc, Aib, Cha, Ile, Nle, Phe, (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe, or Tle; A²⁷ is Leu, Acc, Aib, Cha, Ile, Nle, Phe, (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe, or Tle; A²⁸ is Ala, Acc, or Aib; A²⁹ is Gln, Aib, Asn, or deleted; A³⁰ is Lys, Amp, Apc, Arg, hArg, Orn, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted; A³¹ is Gly, Aib, Acc, β-Ala, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted; A³² is Lys, Amp, Apc, Arg, hArg, Orn, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted; A³³ is Lys, Amp, Apc, Arg, hArg, Orn, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted; A³⁴ is Asn, Aib, Gln, Ser, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted; A³⁵ is Asp, Aib, Glu, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted; A³⁶ is Trp, Acc, Aib, 1Nal, 2Nal, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, Phe, (X⁴,X⁵,X⁶,X⁷,X⁸)Phe, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted; A³⁷ is Lys, Amp, Apc, Arg, hArg, Orn, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted; A³⁸ is His, Amp, 2-Pal, 3-Pal, 4-Pal, Phe, Tyr, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted; A³⁹ is Asn, Aib, Gln, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted; A⁴⁰ is Ile, Acc, Aib, Ser, Thr, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted; A⁴¹ is Thr, Acc, Aib, Asn, Gln, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted; A⁴² is Gln, Acc, Aib, Asn, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted; A⁴³ is Acc, Ado, Aib, Ala, Asn, Asp, His, Gln, Phe, Thr, Trp, HN—CH((CH₂)_(n)—N(R⁴R⁵))—C(O), Cys(succinimide-N-alkyl), hCys(succinimide-N-alkyl), Pen(succinimide-N-alkyl), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(x)—C(O)—NH—(CH₂)_(y)—CH₃), Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)—NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), hCys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), Pen(succinimide-N—(CH₂)_(s)NH—C(O)—(CH₂)_(t)—CH₃), or deleted; R¹ is OH, NH₂, (C₁-C₃₀)alkoxy, or NH—X²—CH₂—Z⁰, wherein X² is a (C₀-C₃₀) hydrocarbon moiety and Z⁰ is H, OH, CO₂H, or CONH₂; each of R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, (C₁-C₃₀)heteroalkyl, (C₁-C₃₀)acyl, (C₂-C₃₀)alkenyl, (C₂-C₃₀)alkynyl, aryl(C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, aryl(C₁-C₃₀)acyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)heteroalkyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)acyl, substituted (C₂-C₃₀)alkenyl, substituted (C₂-C₃₀)alkynyl, substituted aryl(C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, and substituted aryl(C₁-C₃₀)acyl; provided that when R² is (C₁-C₃₀)acyl, aryl(C₁-C₃₀)acyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)acyl, or substituted aryl(C₁-C₃₀)acyl, then R³ is H, (C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, (C₁-C₃₀)heteroalkyl, (C₂-C₃₀)alkenyl, (C₂-C₃₀)alkynyl, aryl(C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)heteroalkyl, substituted (C₂-C₃₀)alkenyl, substituted (C₂-C₃₀)alkynyl, or substituted aryl(C₁-C₃₀)alkyl; further provided that when R⁴ is (C₁-C₃₀)acyl, aryl(C₁-C₃₀)acyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)acyl, or substituted aryl(C₁-C₃₀)acyl, then R⁵ is H, (C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, (C₁-C₃₀)heteroalkyl, (C₂-C₃₀)alkenyl, (C₂-C₃₀)alkynyl, aryl(C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)alkyl, substituted (C₁-C₃₀)heteroalkyl, substituted (C₂-C₃₀)alkenyl, substituted (C₂-C₃₀)alkynyl, or substituted aryl(C₁-C₃₀)alkyl; n is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 1 to 5 inclusive; s, t, x and y each is, independently for each occurrence, an integer from 1 to 30 inclusive; X⁴, X⁵, X⁶, X⁷ and X⁸ each is, independently for each occurrence, H, F, CF₃, Cl, Br, I, (C₁₋₁₀)alkyl, substituted (C₁₋₁₀)alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, OH, NH₂, —CH₂NH₂, NO₂, or CN; provided that when A¹ is 4Hppa, then R² and R³ are deleted; further provided that the compound contains more than one amino acid substitutions or modifications at positions 1, 2 and 3; and further provided that if the amino acid at position 1 is modified, it is not modified by: (a) N-terminal alkylation; (b) N-terminal acetylation; (c) N-terminal acylation; (d) the addition of an N-terminal isopropyl group; or (e) the addition of an N-terminal pyroglutamic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein: A¹ is Cpa, His, 4Hppa, 2Pal, 3Pal, 4Pal, 3Br-Phe, 4CF₃-Phe, 3Cl-Phe, 4CN-Phe, 3F-Phe, 4F-Phe, 3,4F-Phe, 3,5F-Phe, 3,4,5F-Phe, 4Me-Phe, 4NH₂-Phe, 4NH₂CH₂-Phe, 3OH-Phe, Taz, 3Thi, 7HO-Tic, Tyr(Ac), Tyr(Me), β-Tyr, 3Br-Tyr, 3,5Br-Tyr, 3Cl-Tyr, 2F-Tyr, 3F-Tyr, hTyr, 3I-Tyr, 3,5I-Tyr, αMe-Tyr, 2,6Me-Tyr, 3MeO-Tyr, 3NH₂-Tyr, 3NO₂-Tyr, 3OH-Tyr, or 3(HO—(CH₂)Tyr; A² is Ala, Aib, Gly; A³ is Glu, 4Hyp, or hPro; A⁴ is Gly; A⁵ is Thr; A⁶ is Phe; A⁷ is Ile, A5c, or A6c; A⁸ is Ser; A⁹ is Asp; A¹⁰ is Tyr; A¹¹ is Ser, A5c, or Aib; A¹² is Ile; A¹³ is Ala or Aib; A¹⁴ is Met, A5c, or Nle; A¹⁵ is Asp; A¹⁶ is Lys; A¹⁷ is Ile; A¹⁸ is His; A¹⁹ is Gln; A²⁰ is Gln; A²¹ is Asp; A²² is Phe; A²³ is Val; A²⁴ is Asn; A²⁵ is Trp; A²⁶ is Leu; A²⁷ is Leu; A²⁸ is Ala; A²⁹ is Gln; A³⁰ is Lys; A³¹ is Gly or deleted; A³² is Lys or deleted; A³³ is Lys or deleted; A³⁴ is Asn or deleted; A³⁵ is Asp or deleted; A³⁶ is Trp or deleted; A³⁷ is Lys or deleted; A³⁸ is His or deleted; A³⁹ is Asn or deleted; A⁴⁰ is Ile, A5c, or deleted; A⁴¹ is Thr, A5c, or deleted; A⁴² is Gln or deleted; A⁴³ is His, Cys(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₁₁—CH₃), Orn(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃), or deleted; and provided that the compound contains at least one amino acid substitution or modification at positions 4 to 43; or a pharmaceutical salt thereof.
 3. A compound according to claim 2, wherein said compound is: (4Hppa¹, Aib², A5c⁷, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:4); (4Hppa¹, Aib^(2, 11), Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:5); (4Hppa¹, Aib², A5c⁷)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:6); (4Hppa¹, Aib^(2, 11))hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:7); (4Hppa¹, Aib², Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:8); (4Hppa¹, Aib²)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:9); (4Hppa¹, 4Hyp³, A6c⁷)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:10); (4Hppa¹, hPro³, A6c⁷)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:11); (4Hppa¹, Aib², hPro³, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:12); (His¹, Aib^(2, 13), Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:13); (3,5Br-Tyr¹, Aib^(2, 13), Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:14); (His¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:15); (3,5Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:16); (3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:17); (3Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:18); (3I-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:19); (3,5I-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:20); (4NH₂-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:21); (hTyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:22); (Cpa¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:23); (4NH₂CH₂-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:24); (3,4,5F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:25); (3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:26); (3,4F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:27); (3,5F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:28); (3OH-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:29); (3OH-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:30); (3MeO-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:31); [Tyr(Ac)¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41)]hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:32); (2,6Me-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:33); [Tyr(Me)¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41)]hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:34); (4F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:35); (4-Pal¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:36); (3-Pal¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:37); (Taz¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:38); (3NO₂-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:39); (3Thi¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:40); (4CN-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:41); (3F-Tyr¹, Gly², A5c^(11, 40))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:42); (3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:44); (3Cl-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:45); (3Br-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:46); (3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:47); (3Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:48); (β-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:49); (3F-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:50); (2F-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:51); (αMe-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:52); (3NH₂-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:53); (2-Pal¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:54); [3(HO—(CH₂)Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41)]hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:55); (2,6Me-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:56); (2,6Me-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:57); (2,6Me-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:58); (3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:59); (3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41), Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:60); (3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:61); (3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14, 41), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:62); (3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH; (3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), HiS⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH; (3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:63); (3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:64); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Orn⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:65); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₁₁—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:66); [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Orn⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₁₁—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Orn⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₁₁—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; (3Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:67); (3Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:68); (3MeO-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:69); (3MeO-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:70); (3MeO-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14, 41), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:71); (4CF₃-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:72); (7HO-Tic¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:73); (4Me-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:74); (4CN-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:75); (hTyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:76); [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Lys⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Lys⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Lys⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:77); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Lys⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:78); (3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:79); [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; or [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 4. A compound according to claim 2, wherein: A¹ is 4Hppa; A⁴³ is deleted; and at least one of A², A³, A⁷, A¹¹ and A¹⁴ is not the amino acid residue of the corresponding position in the native GIP; or a pharmaceutical salt thereof.
 5. A compound according to claim 4, wherein said compound is: (4Hppa¹, Aib², A5c⁷, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:4); (4Hppa¹, Aib^(2, 11), Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:5); (4Hppa¹, Aib², A5c⁷)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:6); (4Hppa¹, Aib^(2, 11))hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:7); (4Hppa¹, Aib², Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:8); (4Hppa¹, Aib²)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:9); (4Hppa¹, 4Hyp³, A6c⁷)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:10); (4Hppa¹, hPro³, A6c⁷)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:11); or (4Hppa¹, Aib², hPro³, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:12); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 6. A compound according to claim 2, wherein: A¹ is Tyr(Ac), Tyr(Me), β-Tyr, 3Br-Tyr, 3,5Br-Tyr, 3Cl-Tyr, 2F-Tyr, 3F-Tyr, hTyr, 3I-Tyr, 3,5I-Tyr, αMe-Tyr, 2,6Me-Tyr, 3MeO-Tyr, 3NH₂-Tyr, 3NO₂-Tyr, 3OH-Tyr, or 3(HO—(CH₂)Tyr; A² is A5c, A6c, Aib, D-Ala, Gly, or Ser; and at least one of A³, A¹¹, A¹³, A¹⁴, A⁴⁰, A⁴¹ and A⁴³ is not the amino acid residue of the corresponding position in the native GIP; or a pharmaceutical salt thereof.
 7. A compound according to claim 6, wherein: A² is Aib, D-Ala, or Gly; and at least two of A³, A¹¹, A¹³, A¹⁴, A⁴⁰, A⁴¹ and A⁴³ are not the amino acid residues of the corresponding positions in the native GIP; or a pharmaceutical salt thereof.
 8. A compound according to claim 7, wherein said compound is: (3,5Br-Tyr¹, Aib^(2, 13), Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:14); (3,5Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:16); (3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:17); (3Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:18); (3I-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:19); (3,5I-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:20); (hTyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:22); (3OH-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:30); (3MeO-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:31); [Tyr(Ac)¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41)]hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:32); (2,6Me-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:33); [Tyr(Me)¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41)]hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:34); (3NO₂-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:39); (3F-Tyr¹, Gly², A5c^(11, 40))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:42); (3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:47); (3Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:48); (β-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:49); (3F-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:50); (2F-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:51); (αMe-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:52); (3NH₂-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:53); [3(HO—(CH₂)Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41)]hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:55); (2,6Me-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:56); (2,6Me-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:57); (2,6Me-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:58); (3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH; (3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH; (3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:63); (3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:64); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Orn⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:65); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₁₁—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:66); [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Orn⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₁₁—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Orn⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₁₁—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; (3Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:67); (3Br-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:68); (3MeO-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:69); (3MeO-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:70); (3MeO-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14, 41), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:71); (hTyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:76); [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Lys⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Lys⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Lys⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:77); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Lys⁴³(N—C(O)—(CH₂)₁₀—CH₃)]hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:78); (3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:79); [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; or [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide)]hGIP(1-43)-OH; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 9. A compound according to claim 2, wherein: A¹ is 3Br-Phe, 3Cl-Phe, 4CN-Phe, 3F-Phe, 4F-Phe, 3,4F-Phe, 3,4,5F-Phe, 3,5F-Phe, 4NH₂-Phe, 4NH₂CH₂-Phe, or 3OH-Phe; A² is A5c, A6c, Aib, D-Ala, Gly, or Ser; A^(1l) is A5c; and at least one of A¹⁴ and A⁴¹ is not the amino acid residue of the corresponding position in the native GIP; or a pharmaceutical salt thereof.
 10. A compound according to claim 9, wherein: A² is Aib; or a pharmaceutical salt thereof.
 11. A compound according to claim 10, wherein said compound is: (4NH₂-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:21); (4NH₂CH₂-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:24); (3,4,5F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:25); (3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:26); (3,4F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:27); (3,5F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:28); (3OH-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:29); (4F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:35); (4CN-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:41); (3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:44); (3Cl-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:45); (3Br-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:46); (3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14,41))hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:59); (3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41), Nle¹⁴, His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:60); (3F-Phe¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 41), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:61); or (3F-Phe¹, Aib², A⁵c^(11, 14, 41), His⁴³)hGIP(1-43)-OH (SEQ ID NO:62); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 12. A compound according to claim 2, wherein each amino acid at positions 1, 2 and 3 is substituted or modified; or a pharmaceutical salt thereof.
 13. A compound according to claim 12, wherein said compound is (4Hppa¹, Aib², hPro³, Nle¹⁴)hGIP(1-30)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:12), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof.
 14. A compound according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the peptide bond between A¹ and A² is replaced by a pseudopeptide bond, or a pharmaceutical salt thereof.
 15. A compound according to claim 14, wherein A¹-A² is A¹-Ψ-(CH₂—NH)A², or a pharmaceutical salt thereof.
 16. A compound according to claim 15, wherein said compound is [Tyr¹-Ψ(CH₂—NH)Gly², A5c^(11, 41)]hGIP(1-42)-OH (SEQ ID NO:43), or a pharmaceutical salt thereof.
 17. A compound according to any one of claims 1-16, further comprising a covalently linked PEG moiety, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 18. A compound according to claim 17, wherein said PEG moiety is covalently linked to the compound via a Cys(maleimide), hCys(maleimide), or Pen(maleimide) linker, to form Cys(succinimide-N-PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-PEG), or Pen(succinimide-N-PEG), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 19. A compound according to claim 18, wherein PEGylation occurs at any one of amino acid residue positions 16, 30, and 31-43, whereby Cys(succinimide-N-PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-PEG), or Pen(succinimide-N-PEG) is placed in any one of amino acid residue positions 16, 30, and 31-43, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 20. A compound according to claim 19, wherein PEGylation occurs at any one of amino acid residue positions 32, 33 and 43, whereby Cys(succinimide-N-PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-PEG), or Pen(succinimide-N-PEG) is placed in any one of amino acid residue positions 32, 33 and 43, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 21. A compound according to claim 20, wherein said PEG moiety has average molecular weight of from about 2,000 to about 80,000, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 22. A compound according to claim 21, wherein said PEG is selected from the group consisting of 5K PEG, 10K PEG, 20K PEG, 30K PEG, 40K PEG, 50K PEG, and 60K PEG, to form Cys(succinimide-N-5K PEG), Cys(succinimide-N-10K PEG), Cys(succinimide-N-20K PEG), Cys(succinimide-N-30K PEG), Cys(succinimide-N-40K PEG), Cys(succinimide-N-50K PEG), Cys(succinimide-N-60K PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-5K PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-10K PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-20K PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-30K PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-40K PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-50K PEG), hCys(succinimide-N-60K PEG), Pen(succinimide-N-5K PEG), Pen(succinimide-N-10K PEG), Pen(succinimide-N-20K PEG), Pen(succinimide-N-30K PEG), Pen(succinimide-N-40K PEG), Pen(succinimide-N-50K PEG), or Pen(succinimide-N-60K PEG), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 23. A compound according to any one of claims 18-22, wherein said succinimide-N-PEG is linear, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 24. A compound according to claim 23, wherein said linear succinimide-N-PEG is succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-PEG, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 25. A compound according to any one of claims 18-22, wherein said succinimide-N-PEG is branched, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 26. A compound according to claim 25, wherein said branched succinimide-N-PEG is succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH-PEG-CH₂-PEG, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 27. A compound according to any one of claims 22-26, wherein said compound is: [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹′ Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:80); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹′ Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-30K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:81); [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹′ Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH_(2;) [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹′ Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-30K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH_(2;) [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹′ Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-60K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:82); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-60K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:83); [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹′ Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-60K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH_(2;) [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide-N-60K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH_(2;) [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:84); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:85); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:86); [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂; [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂; [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂; [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:87); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:88); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:89); [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂; [30-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂; [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c¹¹, Nle¹⁴, Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂; [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:90); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:91); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:92); [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂; [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂; [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂; [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:93); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:94); [3Cl-Tyr¹, Aib², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:95); [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys⁴³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-43)-NH₂; [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³²(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂; or [3Cl-Tyr¹, D-Ala², A5c^(11, 14), Cys³³(succinimide-N—(CH₂)₂—C(O)NH—(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—CH(20K PEG)-CH₂-20K PEG)]hGIP(1-42)-NH₂; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 28. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a peptide analogue of any one of claims 1-27.
 29. A pharmaceutical composition of claim 28, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 30. A method of eliciting an agonist effect from a GIP receptor in a subject in need thereof which comprises administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide analogue of any one of claims 1-27 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 24 or claim
 25. 31. A method of eliciting an antagonist effect from a GIP receptor in a subject in need thereof which comprises administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide analogue of any one of claims 1-27 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 28 or claim
 29. 32. A method for treating conditions or diseases mediated by GIP-receptor binding, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide analogue of any one of claims 1-27 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 28 or claim
 29. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein said condition or disease mediated by GIP-receptor binding is selected from the group consisting of type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, fatty liver, glucagonomas, secretory disorders of the airway, metabolic disorders, arthritis, osteoporosis, central nervous system disease, restenosis, neurodegenerative disease, renal failure, congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, pulmonary edema, hypertension, and disorders wherein the reduction of food intake and/or losing body weight is desired.
 34. A method for treating diabetes, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide analogue of any one of claims 1-27 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 28 or claim
 29. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein said diabetes is type 2 diabetes.
 36. A method of treating diabetes-related disorders, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide analogue of any one of claims 1-27 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 28 or claim
 29. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein said diabetes-related disorder is selected from the group consisting of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance.
 38. A method of treating or preventing secondary causes of diabetes, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide analogue of any one of claims 1-27 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 28 or claim
 29. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein said secondary cause is selected from the group consisting of glucocorticoid excess, growth hormone excess, pheochromocytoma, and drug-induced diabetes.
 40. A method of treating obesity, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide analogue of any one of claims 1-27 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 28 or claim
 29. 41. A method of stimulating insulin secretion in a subject in need thereof by administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide analogue of any claims 1-27 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 28 or claim
 29. 42. Use of a peptide analogue of any one of claims 1-27 for the manufacture of a medicament for GIP-receptor binding for the prevention or treatment of diseases or conditions related to impaired binding of GIP-receptor analogues.
 43. Use according to claim 42 for the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of pancreatic beta cell apoptosis.
 44. Use according to claim 42 for the manufacture of a medicament for the potentiation of glucose dependent proliferation of pancreatic beta cells. 